The coronavirus pandemic instantly knocked millions of Americans into hardship – but the recovery is shaping up to be months, if not years, in the making.

A new Bankrate survey finds that half of U.S. households’ incomes took a hit when the novel virus outbreak first catapulted the U.S. economy into the worst recession since the Great Depression. But even after a sharp initial rebound, nine months later more than 2 in 5 (or 42%) say their wallets still haven’t fully recovered.

Meanwhile, just 1 in 6 (or 17%) report that their incomes have returned to normal.

Casting a dark shadow on that picture are soaring virus cases, renewed lockdowns and soon-to-expire federal relief programs in the midst of steep Congressional gridlock.

“Forty-two percent of households say their incomes are still below prepandemic levels, speaking to the widespread financial impact that remains,” said Greg McBride, CFA, Bankrate chief financial analyst. “Even as Americans are returning to work, many households are earning less than they were before COVID-19.”

Key takeaways:

–Among the half of U.S. households that took an income hit, 21% report being laid off or furloughed and 19% report having their hours cut.

–A majority of respondents (51%) expect a full recovery to take at least six months or longer, while an additional 6% think their income will never recover.

–Highest-wage earners are more than twice as likely (30%) to have already made a full recovery than lowest earners (9%).

–The overwhelming majority of Americans (85%) are worried about their household’s income taking a hit, regardless of whether they felt an impact at the start of the pandemic in March.

–Nearly 1 in 5 report being laid off or furloughed or having their hours cut.

The coronavirus pandemic caused tremendous financial hardship when it wreaked havoc on the job market, with nationwide restrictions forcing businesses to close and lay off workers en masse – putting as many as 1 in 4 Americans on unemployment benefits at the worst of the crisis.

Bankrate’s survey reflected the job market’s upheaval. Of the half of U.S. households that experienced an income disruption, more than 1 in 5 (or 21%) say their wallet took a hit because either they or someone in their household was laid off or furloughed, the most likely of the reasons for experiencing disruptions.

Other causes include having hours cut (19%), being unable to operate business as usual (16%) or taking a pay cut (10%).

A marginal 5% preferred not to say whether their finances were negatively impacted, while 12% said the cause was something else.

Less than half (45%) of households report that they didn’t experience an income disruption because of the pandemic.

These findings compare with a similar iteration of Bankrate’s survey, which found in June that 49% of U.S. households had experienced an income disruption, with the most likely culprit being a layoff or furlough (20%) or a reduction in hours (19%).

Younger workers, minorities more likely to feel an income squeeze

The likelihood of experiencing an income disruption varied little among male and female respondents, regions and income groups, according to Bankrate’s poll, suggesting that the financial pain has been widespread. When it comes to age and race, however, that pain has been tougher on some.

About 58% of Hispanic and 55% of Black households report that their incomes took a hit, compared with 47% of white workers. Meanwhile, 63% of both Generation Z (those between the ages of 18-23) and millennial households (between the ages of 24-39) report that they were negatively impacted. That compares with just 37% of baby boomers, though more than half (54%) of Generation X (ages 40-55) households felt a squeeze.

Most respondents (51%) expect a full recovery to take at least six months or longer.

The U.S. economy has charted a dramatic reversal from its initial downfall. Joblessness has shrunk by more than half, and U.S. employers have brought back roughly 56% of the 22.2 million positions lost between February and April.

But Americans aren’t feeling it hit their wallets just yet. Just 17% of U.S. households say their incomes have returned to normal, and very few expect their financial situation to rebound anytime soon

More than half (or 51%) expect a full recovery to take six months or longer, Bankrate’s poll found. That’s up significantly from the 37% of Americans who expected needing that time frame in Bankrate’s July survey. Another 6% think their income will never recover.

Of those responses, 20% say they think their wallet will need between six to 12 months to recover, while 31% say it will take one year or longer, the largest cluster.

At the same time, 14% expect needing between three and six months, while 8% foresee a recovery taking between one month and up to three months. Just 4% say their wallet will need less than one month to fully rebound.

Higher-income earners are more than twice as likely to have already made a full recovery than lower-wage earners

But at the heart of that picture is a growing disparity, with upper-income Americans more than twice as likely than low-wage earners to have already recovered.

While 30 %of those earning $80,000 or more a year report having already recovered, that’s true for just 9% of those who earn less than $30,000 a year and 15% who make between $40,000 and $80,000 annually, Bankrate’s poll found.

Whites are also twice as likely as Black and Hispanic workers to have made a full recovery (at 21% versus 11% and 13%, respectively). That’s in line with similar job market disparities. While unemployment soared across all demographics at the start of the pandemic in March, white joblessness has since fallen at a much faster pace than Hispanic and Black unemployment.

Majority of Americans are worried about their household’s income taking a hit, regardless of whether they felt an impact at the start of the pandemic in March

Underscoring those financial expectations, many Americans are highlighting concerns about the months ahead. An overwhelming majority of all U.S. households (85 percent) say they fear that their income will be negatively impacted by the pandemic – regardless of whether they reported an income disruption.

A staggering 95 percent of households that have already suffered an income drop during the pandemic are worried about taking another hit in the coming months, including 2 in 5 (or 40 percent) who say they’re very worried. Just 5 percent say they’re not at all worried.

At the same time, three-fourths (or 75 percent) of U.S. households that did not experience any negative impact to their income to date are worried about facing one in the coming months, up from 62 percent in June.

That doesn’t bode well for consumption, the powerhouse of the U.S. economy, with Americans saving at a higher rate than before the pandemic. At the same time, it also shows just how heavily consumers are influenced by the outbreak, with many of those fears likely tied to the resurgence in cases and a lack of new federal relief. Experts say consumer apprehension is what ignited the initial downturn, with the pullback in spending happening long before any states had imposed restrictions.

“The vast majority of Americans, 85 percent, are worried about a hit to their household income in the coming months due to the pandemic,” McBride said. “This widespread worry and hesitancy to spend will weigh on the pace of economic recovery.”

What to do with your finances in the months ahead

Americans’ fears aren’t that far behind from economists’ worries. Some worry about the prospects of a double-dip downturn, with lockdowns and rising cases tipping the financial system over again. Even with some bright spots surrounding vaccine development, Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell said during a recent December congressional testimony that the economic recovery is still “extraordinarily uncertain.”

All of that means Americans aren’t in the wrong if they want to put a firewall around their finances in the coming months. Consider taking these steps:

–Focus on income and expenses: Your financial situation is like a two-way intersection, with money leaving every month to pay for expenses and money coming in every month to pad up your income. Focus on mitigating how much goes out and boosting how much comes in – in as many ways as you can. If you’re jobless, that includes applying for unemployment benefits while saving and cutting back on as many purchases as you can.

–Consider refinancing or taking advantage of a forbearance program: While the clock is ticking before they expire, lawmakers in Washington have already taken steps to help federal student loan borrowers with an interest- and payment-free forbearance program through the end of January 2021. Meanwhile, homeowners with a federally-backed mortgage can request a 180-day forbearance if they’ve been impacted by the coronavirus. Take advantage of those programs while you still can and pocket the freed-up cash. In the meantime, you can also consider refinancing your mortgage, which might shave hundreds of dollars off your monthly payments with rates now at historic lows.

–Work directly with firms you regularly pay a bill to: It doesn’t hurt to see if you can work out a new payment or forbearance program that suits your individual financial situation.

Methodology

Bankrate.com commissioned YouGov Plc to conduct the survey. All figures, unless otherwise stated, are from YouGov Plc. Total sample size was 2,750 adults. Fieldwork was undertaken on November 11-13, 2020. The survey was carried out online and meets rigorous quality standards. It employed a non-probability-based sample using both quotas upfront during collection and then a weighting scheme on the back end designed and proven to provide nationally representative results.