Cities’ hurricane-free ‘luck’ may run out

OCEAN CITY, Maryland – For millions of Americans living in the hurricane zones on the Gulf and East coasts, recent decades have been quiet – maybe too quiet.

Cities like Tampa, Houston, Jacksonville and Daytona Beach historically get hit with major hurricanes every 20 to 40 years, according to meteorologists. But those same places have now gone at least 70 years – sometimes more than a century – without getting smacked by those monster storms, according to data analyses by an MIT hurricane professor and the Associated Press.

These are places where people may think they know what to expect from a major hurricane – with more than 110 mph winds, such as Katrina or Andrew – but they really don’t. They are cities where building construction has boomed but hasn’t been tested by nature at its strongest. In the Tampa region, an Andrew-size storm could cause more than $200 billion in damage, according to a local government study in 2010.

Few of Tampa’s current residents witnessed the last major hurricane that hit there in October 1921. Movies were silent, booze was illegal and Warren Harding was president. For northeast Florida and southern Georgia, the last major hurricane was sometime in the 19th century.

“We’ve been kind of lucky,” said MIT meteorology professor Kerry Emanuel, who along with the AP crunched numbers on how often hurricanes have hit metro regions. “It’s ripe for disaster. … Everyone’s forgotten what it’s like.”

“It’s just the laws of statistics,” said Emanuel. “Luck will run out. It’s just a question of when.”

This hurricane season, beginning today, doesn’t look to be as busy as past ones. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration forecasts a 70 percent chance of fewer than normal hurricanes, mostly because of an El Nino weather oscillation. But even a quiet season can have one devastating storm hit. That’s what happened when Andrew smashed parts of Miami in 1992; it was the second costliest hurricane on record, in a below-average year for overall hurricane activity.

Craig Fugate, administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, is preparing for the worst and worrying that other people aren’t.

Inexperienced people “generally underestimate how bad it will be and make decisions about staying when they should be evacuating,” Fugate said. “You have to accept the fact that every time a major storm threatens it’s a new experience for 99 percent of the people involved.”

Experts are especially worried about the Tampa region. Emanuel calculates using past storm data and computer simulations that a major hurricane in general should hit Tampa every quarter century or so. The National Hurricane Center, calculating on past storms a bit differently, says a major hurricane should hit every 30 years or so. But it’s been decades upon decades since the big one hit.

“It’s a real big concern,” said Christopher Landsea, science operations officer at the National Hurricane Center in Miami. “My worry is that we’ll have hundreds or even thousands dead the next major hurricane that hits the Tampa Bay area.”

It may sound like areas like Tampa are “overdue”; scientists like Landsea and Emanuel say that’s not a good word because the odds of getting hit don’t actually change because there were no storms the year before. They are the same year to year.

“Hurricanes don’t give a darn what happened the last year, the last 10 years,” Landsea said. “We could certainly have a major hurricane hit Tampa-St. Pete in 2015 but it doesn’t matter for this particular season that it hasn’t had a hurricane since 1921.”

For Houston the last major hurricane hit was 1941, according to the hurricane center, although smaller storms, barely under the threshold for major, have hit more recently and major storms have skirted nearby.

For Ocean City, Maryland, and down the coast at Norfolk, Virginia, it’s been more than 160 years since they’ve been hit by a major hurricane. And while geography and currents make landfalls there rarer than in Florida, it can happen and probably will someday, experts said.

It has been more than nine years since the U.S. was struck by a major hurricane – Superstorm Sandy did major damage but didn’t qualify meteorologically as a major hurricane. That’s a streak that is so unprecedented that NASA climate scientist Timothy Hall went looking to see if it could be explained by something that was happening with the weather or climate. He found that big storms formed, they just didn’t hit America, coming close and hitting islands in the Caribbean and Mexico. The lack of hurricanes hitting the U.S. “is a matter of luck,” Hall concluded in a peer-reviewed study.

Even though the Virginia, Maryland, Delaware area doesn’t get as frequent major hurricanes as Florida or Texas, the traffic chokepoints and inexperience of people there worry Fugate, especially Norfolk.

“These are areas that haven’t had a lot of hurricanes,” Fugate said. “People tend to think, well, they don’t have a hurricane problem. But it’s a region that would be very difficult to evacuate.”

At a disaster conference in Ocean City, Maryland’s emergency management director Clay Stamp said he does worry about “a false sense of security” in the region because there have been several close calls with smaller storms that didn’t hit in the past decade or so.

Hurricane center director Rick Knabb lives in a city, Fort Lauderdale, that hasn’t been directly hit by a major hurricane since 1950, though Andrew came close.

“We should count our blessings that in any particular location, you’ve gone a long time without a significant impact,” Knabb said. “It’s not like hurricanes or tropical storms haven’t happened anymore. They just haven’t happened here or where you live.”